ALI Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History

ALI Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History The Ali last name got from the Arabic root Ê•-l-w, which actually implies high, raised, or commended. The Ali last name is particularly basic in Arab nations and the remainder of the Muslim world. Last name Origin: Arabic Celebrated People with the ALI Surname Muhammad Ali (conceived Cassius Clay)â -American competitor, fighter and philanthropistLaila Aliâ - athlete, fighter and TV character; little girl of Muhammad AliTatyana Ali - American entertainer, model and RB singerImtiaz Aliâ â - Indian movie chief and author Where Is the ALI Surname Most Common? As indicated by family name circulation from Forebears, Ali is the 38th most basic last name on the planet discovered most commonly in India where over 1.1 million individuals bear the name. The Ali family name is among the ten most normal last names in Bahrain (first), the Maldives (second), Trinidad and Tobago (second), Sudan (third), Tanzania (seventh), Algeria (seventh), Chad (eighth), Fiji (ninth) and India (ninth). Last name maps from WorldNames PublicProfiler also show the Ali family name as particularly regular in India, yet does exclude information from most Arab nations. Different districts where the Ali last name is genuinely normal incorporate Kosovo and a few areas of England (South East, West Midlands, North West, and Yorkshire and Humberside. Family history Resources for the Surname ALI Ali Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is centered around relatives of Aliâ ancestors around the globe. Quest or peruse the documents for your Ali precursors, or join the gathering and post your own Ali family query.FamilySearch - ALI Genealogy: Explore over 1â million outcomes from digitizedâ historical records and genealogy connected family trees identified with the Ali last name on this free site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Ali Records: GeneaNet incorporates authentic records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Aliâ surname, with a fixation on records and families from France and other European nations. Assets and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket version), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Make a Wish Foundation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Make a Wish Foundation - Research Paper Example The association attempts to satisfy the desires of wiped out youngsters matured somewhere in the range of 2 and 18. It is a perceived worldwide name. The association consistently attempts to make a child’s family and companion glad through a few activities. Vision, Mission and Purpose of the Organization The strategic the association is to give the desires of kids who are experiencing a few hazardous illnesses to enhance the human involvement in satisfaction, expectation and quality. The association follows a few stages in their activities. Concurring o the vision proclamation, Make a Wish Foundation is devoted to making the desire work out of each qualified kid (McLaughlin 22). The authoritative estimations of Make a Wish Foundation carefully stick to greatness, youngster center, network, honesty and motivation. Reason for the association is to satisfy the desires of each influenced youngster and fulfill their family. Key Concepts Make a Wish Foundation exceptionally relies o n its volunteers and administering top managerial staff. Above all else the association rouses every single volunteers of the associations. The association requests persevering and gifted volunteers so as to achieve their every single errand. Make a Wish Foundation consistently offers an incentive to its volunteers. ... The association gives different key duties to its volunteers so as to effectively achieve a typical assignment or a program (Kay 78). Make a Wish Foundation has built up a few rules for the volunteers to legitimize their hierarchical crucial worth. As indicated by the hierarchical arrangement and rule, the volunteers need to keep up severe secrecy strategy. Prior to turning into the piece of a group, every single volunteer needs to consent to the arrangement contract. As per this understanding, a specific wish of youngsters ought not be revealed in any sort of conditions. It is the obligation of the whole association to ensure the protection of the youngsters. Notwithstanding these, each volunteer ought to viably learn au the statement of purpose of the association Make a Wish Foundation is a non-strict association. Accordingly, the association built up a rule that the individual convictions and thought processes ought not be talked about during the hour of wish business. The associa tion carefully restricts the idea of diversifying ventures. It very well may be acknowledged through the earlier endorsement from a staff individual from Make a Wish Foundation. The association follows specific marking rules. In this manner, the association carefully declines the proliferation of Make a Wish Foundation logo. Likewise, the firm doesn't permit some other individual without the earlier consent of whole establishment. Overseeing directorate are another key individuals from this establishment. Their fair and important endeavors towards great aim helped the association to fulfill a few families. The overseeing assemblage of executives consistently inspires the volunteers of the association to buckle down so as to achieve the errands inside

Conjoint Analysis What, Why, and How

Conjoint Analysis What, Why, and How Conjoint analysis is a technique used by various businesses to evaluate their products and services, and determine how consumers perceive them. Products are broken-down into distinguishable attributes or features, which are presented to consumers for ratings on a scale.The technique provides businesses with insightful information about how consumers make purchasing decisions. © Shutterstock.com | vichie81In this article, we will look at 1) what is conjoint analysis, 2) how does it work, and 3) what are the benefits to using conjoint analysis.WHAT IS CONJOINT ANALYSIS?Conjoint analysis is one of the most popular tools used for market research purposes. It is an advanced exploratory technique used to determine how people make decisions and on what factors do they place real value in various products and services. It has been widely employed for product/services analysis purposes since 1970s. Alternatively, this technique is also used for discrete choice estimation. © cleverism.comThe technique involves analysis of choices people make, and determination of reasons behind those choices. The tools does not only measure utility of decision made by consumers, but also helps managers answers questions such as, “What features should we add to our products, “What impact would changes have on sales and revenues”, “How will the intended changes give us an edge over competitors” and “What would be the impact of prices changes on sales”.Consequently, the answers to these questions can be used to construct market models, enabling forecasting in different areas of business. The forecasting model could be invaluable help to organization as they would help them to plan ahead and allocate resources accordingly. The conjoint methodology decompositional approach helps evaluates consumer preference. Consumers are asked to give an overall rating or score to a particular product profile, which is created by putting in varying attributes for products a nd services under scrutiny.When customers are about to make a purchase, they are faced with trade-offs in form of competing products and services. The product exhibited by the competitors may have varying attributes, which will lead the customer to make a choice based on those attributes. For example, will the consumers prefer high quality or low price, Product aesthetics or functionality? In order for businesses to better understand exactly how customers value various attributes of product and services, conjoint analysis is a helpful tool, since it provides insights into the market, which comprises of individual consumers. This technique helps businesses find the optimal balance between various attributes, the point where consumers’ value for products and services is the greatest. Conjoint analysis helps business decision makers determine and quantify the thought process consumers employ when they are faced with trade-offs between various products and services available in the ma rket. This is done through quantification of different aspects or features of products or services. After the analysis is done, and consumer preferences are worked out, the business is well-equipped to determine the optimum point where consumer preference and cost to the company is balanced. At this point business will be able to generate maximum profit, which is the primary aim of any business.Conjoint analysis is different from conventional marketing surveys since it does ask what products and services consumers prefer, but ask respondents to pinpoint features/attributes of particular products or services. In most cases, the respondents are asked to rank the attributes in reference to importance they attract to them. Hence, this approach offers a more realistic and insightful view of customers’ needs.In summation, Conjoint analysis is market surveying technique in which respondents are required to make choice based on trade-offs between various attributes/features of product of services. This is usually done by assigning rating on a scale with upper and lower limits names as Most Preferred and Least Preferred. HOW DOES IT WORK?Conjoint analysis is done under the assumption that a product or service can be broken down into various attributes. For example, a laptop has attributes such as color, price, dimensions, processing power, hard disk space, RAM and shape. Conjoint Analysis aims to find the value consumer place on each of these attributes before they make a decision to purchase the laptop. Consequently, total utility received from all attributes of a product or service is equal to the sum of utilities derived from each attribute.Conjoint analysis can be divided into three distinct phases:Data. Collection of data pertaining to trade-offs on various attributes. This information can be collected by conducting a preliminary survey, which will help the business identify how the product is broken down in consumers’ mind. All the information collected at th is stage is represented in form a questionnaire after thorough analysis and deliberations.Analysis. Once the questionnaires are filled, and the information from consumers is collected, statistical analysis of the data takes place, which is a process through which, businesses derive meaning out of the results. Graphs, charts and other tools could be used at this point to compressively represent the information that has been collected, along with its meaning and interpretation. Effective representation of all the collected results is important since managers need to fully understand and comprehend the results.Action. The third phase calls for action, since now managers are expected to use the results of conjoint analysis and help business stimulate demands for their products and services. For example, a decision to change the price, addition of new features, and change in marketing strategy or delivery channel. Models can be used to show exactly, a particular change in design could im pact demand. Hence, managers will use these models for decision making.Marketers want to know which attributes of their products are valued by the consumers. This technique, which was originally developed in the early 60s by Luce and Tukey, is extensively used to answers these questions. This technique expresses product or services in terms of its attributes or characteristics. Once profiles are developed, respondents are asked to rank or rate them in order of their preference.Steps in developing Conjoint AnalysisCompanies should follow these steps in order to develop a conjoint analysis:Product/service attributed should be selected. For example, size, appearance, price, functionality, user friendliness.Each attribute should be assigned a value. These values of these attributes will represent the variance available in each of these attributes. For example, for the attribute of size, the options available could be 5”, 10” or 25”. Higher value on the scale represent, more import ance attached to a particular attribute.Product/service should be defined as a combination of all the varying attributes, which will form the subset of all possible products that a company can manufacture or deliver.The combination of attributes through which a product is represented must be determined. This information can be represented through visual diagrams, prototypes or mere descriptions.It must be determined how the results and answers from the respondents will be aggregated. Decision makers are faced with three choices at this stage: Individuals responses could be used, the results could be aggregated to represent a single utility function or the respondents could be segmentized into sub-groups.Decision makers at this stage should select the technique they’ll be employing to process, organize and analyze the data, in order to draw meaningful conclusion out of the information. A popular model to represent varying attributes Part-Worth Model. Alternatively, vector models or ideal-point models could also be used.How to determine whether conjoint analysis is an appropriate tool for a particular business?Conjoint analysis is being used by numerous businesses across various industries ranging from financial institutions to tech firms. Health care, real estate and smart phone industry have also benefited from the use of conjoint analysis.Conjoint analysis is appropriate for business offering products with a set of distinct features which can be categorized into different attributes. Another factor that needs to be taken into account is whether or not consumer purchase decision is based on rational thinking or not, since conjoint analysis is unlikely to provide any insight into a purchase decision that is based on impulse. Businesses manufacturing highly sophisticated products such as electronic gadgets can benefit from conjoint analysis, since their attributed can be broken down and individually analyzed and presented for consumer for ratings.Since conjoin t analysis gives an insight into market’s preferences, it can be used in a variety of different aspects of the business process. During the process of initial product development, conjoint analysis helps companies determine the optimum mix of attributes for competitive positioning. In addition to attribute ratings, it can also be used for determining market segmentation and resource allocation. .For example, a tech firm wanting to lower costs, so that it could offer lower prices conducted a conjoint analysis. The results from the analysis showed that consumers value their product differently from the competitor’s because of some unique attributes. Hence, they decided not to lower the prices and slightly reconfigure (remove) the attributed not valued by the consumers to reduce costs. Subsequently, this helped the company increase its profits since they were able to reduce costs by eliminating superfluous features. Interpreting the resultsThe result of conjoint analysis paints a q uantified picture of how customers make purchasing decisions. The data collected through the analysis can be complied and organized to form market models. The models can predict consumer preferences and estimate potential market share. Market condition may impact the predictions, which means all factors which could influence the result need to be taken into account.In order to gauge the impact of any changes to the price of the product, these models can be reliably used. Moreover, these models can also help businesses determine the optimum point, where the company could generate the highest amount of profit. Conjoint analysis is an integral part of developing marketing strategies and consumer segmentation.Needs-based segmentation and pricing research could compliment conjoint analysis in firm quest for better marketing strategy. This also helps companies determine what resources to use during the process of new product development.WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF USING CONJOINT ANALYSIS?Con joint analyses can break-down large number of attributes into smaller bundles for evaluations and comparison. There attributes can also be compared in pairs: Respondents can be asked to indicate preferences between sets of two or more attributes. In this case, one set of attribute appear on left and another on the right on the questionnaire. This method is simpler as compared to evaluating 15 or 25 attributes simultaneously.A conjoint analysis is able to breakdown utility to consumer at individual level as well as aggregate of all the responses. Numerous new techniques have been recently developed which help companies determine individual level utilities for choice-based conjoint, which provide companies with useful insight which is invaluable to the decision making when it comes to marketing, pricing and product placement.The technique offers straightforward methods for experimentation with varying factors such as price, attributes, price etc. Before a product is launched the techn ique helps create a product profile, which can be altered to generate additional profiles for varying attributes. Consequently this helps businesses find the balance keeping in view the relative desirability of each alternative in a choice set and uses each attribute level uniformly throughout the survey. Conjoint analysis provides information that forms the basis of market segmentation, whereby a large homogenous market is divided into smaller groups bases on demographics, preference, age group, etc. Market segmentation enables businesses to target each homogenous group more effectively since their needs and preferences are recognized, and decisions are taken according.Conjoint analysis can also be employed to exclusive focus on product features and attributes irrespective of price or brand name, hence enabling calculation of utility on individual basis in regard to the aforementioned specific features the companies seeks to evaluate. Moreover, the technique is widely used to measu re the value of brand names in comparison to competing brands. Information can be obtained as to how strong a particular brand is in comparison to specific product and price. It helps businesses make decision based on their brand value in the market, since having a popular brand may not be enough as changes in price and features could impact demand.Conjoint analysis is an important tool which helps in evaluating brand equity and estimate how market share is impact owing to various tradeoffs between brands, prices and some specific features. Conjoint analysis can be used to determine resource allocation, since businesses have already established which attributes are valued more by the consumers through the analysis. Consequently, companies can allocate the scare resources accordingly. They can choose to eliminate or remove features which are superfluous to the customers or not valued by the consumers. This will save costs for the business, and as already established, will not impact sales, since these particular products are not valued by the customers. Reduced cost would lead to more profitability for the businesses. © Conjoint analysis adapted from Dobney.comConjoint analysis could be a great help when companies are in the process of re-modeling or revamping their products and services. When new version of a product is to be launched, the questionnaire could include all possible features or attributed a company could possible add. Through conjoint analysis it can be determined which features should be included given the important respondents attach to certain attributes. This will also help ascertaining the impact it would have on costs and revenues and overall profitability.Advantages Over Other ToolsConjoint analysis has the ability to evaluate more than one variable unlike other two, which are only capable of measuring one variable at one time. The tool has a unique ability to provide measure preference on a scale rather than a “Yes or no” approach, wh ich means that it gives more insightful understanding of customer behavior and their preferences. The data collected from conjoint analysis cab use to construct various models, which helps businesses make better and informed decision. Other techniques do not offer results which cannot be turned into models for further analysis.Unlike other analysis techniques, conjoint analysis can be used to measure price sensitivity to brand names, features on individual level, which could help companies during the process of research design. Interactions between price and various attributes can be determined; hence price sensitivity due to changes in variations can be evaluated.Image credit: Conjoint analysis adapted from Dobney.com

Conjoint Analysis What, Why, and How

Conjoint Analysis What, Why, and How Conjoint analysis is a technique used by various businesses to evaluate their products and services, and determine how consumers perceive them. Products are broken-down into distinguishable attributes or features, which are presented to consumers for ratings on a scale.The technique provides businesses with insightful information about how consumers make purchasing decisions. © Shutterstock.com | vichie81In this article, we will look at 1) what is conjoint analysis, 2) how does it work, and 3) what are the benefits to using conjoint analysis.WHAT IS CONJOINT ANALYSIS?Conjoint analysis is one of the most popular tools used for market research purposes. It is an advanced exploratory technique used to determine how people make decisions and on what factors do they place real value in various products and services. It has been widely employed for product/services analysis purposes since 1970s. Alternatively, this technique is also used for discrete choice estimation. © cleverism.comThe technique involves analysis of choices people make, and determination of reasons behind those choices. The tools does not only measure utility of decision made by consumers, but also helps managers answers questions such as, “What features should we add to our products, “What impact would changes have on sales and revenues”, “How will the intended changes give us an edge over competitors” and “What would be the impact of prices changes on sales”.Consequently, the answers to these questions can be used to construct market models, enabling forecasting in different areas of business. The forecasting model could be invaluable help to organization as they would help them to plan ahead and allocate resources accordingly. The conjoint methodology decompositional approach helps evaluates consumer preference. Consumers are asked to give an overall rating or score to a particular product profile, which is created by putting in varying attributes for products a nd services under scrutiny.When customers are about to make a purchase, they are faced with trade-offs in form of competing products and services. The product exhibited by the competitors may have varying attributes, which will lead the customer to make a choice based on those attributes. For example, will the consumers prefer high quality or low price, Product aesthetics or functionality? In order for businesses to better understand exactly how customers value various attributes of product and services, conjoint analysis is a helpful tool, since it provides insights into the market, which comprises of individual consumers. This technique helps businesses find the optimal balance between various attributes, the point where consumers’ value for products and services is the greatest. Conjoint analysis helps business decision makers determine and quantify the thought process consumers employ when they are faced with trade-offs between various products and services available in the ma rket. This is done through quantification of different aspects or features of products or services. After the analysis is done, and consumer preferences are worked out, the business is well-equipped to determine the optimum point where consumer preference and cost to the company is balanced. At this point business will be able to generate maximum profit, which is the primary aim of any business.Conjoint analysis is different from conventional marketing surveys since it does ask what products and services consumers prefer, but ask respondents to pinpoint features/attributes of particular products or services. In most cases, the respondents are asked to rank the attributes in reference to importance they attract to them. Hence, this approach offers a more realistic and insightful view of customers’ needs.In summation, Conjoint analysis is market surveying technique in which respondents are required to make choice based on trade-offs between various attributes/features of product of services. This is usually done by assigning rating on a scale with upper and lower limits names as Most Preferred and Least Preferred. HOW DOES IT WORK?Conjoint analysis is done under the assumption that a product or service can be broken down into various attributes. For example, a laptop has attributes such as color, price, dimensions, processing power, hard disk space, RAM and shape. Conjoint Analysis aims to find the value consumer place on each of these attributes before they make a decision to purchase the laptop. Consequently, total utility received from all attributes of a product or service is equal to the sum of utilities derived from each attribute.Conjoint analysis can be divided into three distinct phases:Data. Collection of data pertaining to trade-offs on various attributes. This information can be collected by conducting a preliminary survey, which will help the business identify how the product is broken down in consumers’ mind. All the information collected at th is stage is represented in form a questionnaire after thorough analysis and deliberations.Analysis. Once the questionnaires are filled, and the information from consumers is collected, statistical analysis of the data takes place, which is a process through which, businesses derive meaning out of the results. Graphs, charts and other tools could be used at this point to compressively represent the information that has been collected, along with its meaning and interpretation. Effective representation of all the collected results is important since managers need to fully understand and comprehend the results.Action. The third phase calls for action, since now managers are expected to use the results of conjoint analysis and help business stimulate demands for their products and services. For example, a decision to change the price, addition of new features, and change in marketing strategy or delivery channel. Models can be used to show exactly, a particular change in design could im pact demand. Hence, managers will use these models for decision making.Marketers want to know which attributes of their products are valued by the consumers. This technique, which was originally developed in the early 60s by Luce and Tukey, is extensively used to answers these questions. This technique expresses product or services in terms of its attributes or characteristics. Once profiles are developed, respondents are asked to rank or rate them in order of their preference.Steps in developing Conjoint AnalysisCompanies should follow these steps in order to develop a conjoint analysis:Product/service attributed should be selected. For example, size, appearance, price, functionality, user friendliness.Each attribute should be assigned a value. These values of these attributes will represent the variance available in each of these attributes. For example, for the attribute of size, the options available could be 5”, 10” or 25”. Higher value on the scale represent, more import ance attached to a particular attribute.Product/service should be defined as a combination of all the varying attributes, which will form the subset of all possible products that a company can manufacture or deliver.The combination of attributes through which a product is represented must be determined. This information can be represented through visual diagrams, prototypes or mere descriptions.It must be determined how the results and answers from the respondents will be aggregated. Decision makers are faced with three choices at this stage: Individuals responses could be used, the results could be aggregated to represent a single utility function or the respondents could be segmentized into sub-groups.Decision makers at this stage should select the technique they’ll be employing to process, organize and analyze the data, in order to draw meaningful conclusion out of the information. A popular model to represent varying attributes Part-Worth Model. Alternatively, vector models or ideal-point models could also be used.How to determine whether conjoint analysis is an appropriate tool for a particular business?Conjoint analysis is being used by numerous businesses across various industries ranging from financial institutions to tech firms. Health care, real estate and smart phone industry have also benefited from the use of conjoint analysis.Conjoint analysis is appropriate for business offering products with a set of distinct features which can be categorized into different attributes. Another factor that needs to be taken into account is whether or not consumer purchase decision is based on rational thinking or not, since conjoint analysis is unlikely to provide any insight into a purchase decision that is based on impulse. Businesses manufacturing highly sophisticated products such as electronic gadgets can benefit from conjoint analysis, since their attributed can be broken down and individually analyzed and presented for consumer for ratings.Since conjoin t analysis gives an insight into market’s preferences, it can be used in a variety of different aspects of the business process. During the process of initial product development, conjoint analysis helps companies determine the optimum mix of attributes for competitive positioning. In addition to attribute ratings, it can also be used for determining market segmentation and resource allocation. .For example, a tech firm wanting to lower costs, so that it could offer lower prices conducted a conjoint analysis. The results from the analysis showed that consumers value their product differently from the competitor’s because of some unique attributes. Hence, they decided not to lower the prices and slightly reconfigure (remove) the attributed not valued by the consumers to reduce costs. Subsequently, this helped the company increase its profits since they were able to reduce costs by eliminating superfluous features. Interpreting the resultsThe result of conjoint analysis paints a q uantified picture of how customers make purchasing decisions. The data collected through the analysis can be complied and organized to form market models. The models can predict consumer preferences and estimate potential market share. Market condition may impact the predictions, which means all factors which could influence the result need to be taken into account.In order to gauge the impact of any changes to the price of the product, these models can be reliably used. Moreover, these models can also help businesses determine the optimum point, where the company could generate the highest amount of profit. Conjoint analysis is an integral part of developing marketing strategies and consumer segmentation.Needs-based segmentation and pricing research could compliment conjoint analysis in firm quest for better marketing strategy. This also helps companies determine what resources to use during the process of new product development.WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF USING CONJOINT ANALYSIS?Con joint analyses can break-down large number of attributes into smaller bundles for evaluations and comparison. There attributes can also be compared in pairs: Respondents can be asked to indicate preferences between sets of two or more attributes. In this case, one set of attribute appear on left and another on the right on the questionnaire. This method is simpler as compared to evaluating 15 or 25 attributes simultaneously.A conjoint analysis is able to breakdown utility to consumer at individual level as well as aggregate of all the responses. Numerous new techniques have been recently developed which help companies determine individual level utilities for choice-based conjoint, which provide companies with useful insight which is invaluable to the decision making when it comes to marketing, pricing and product placement.The technique offers straightforward methods for experimentation with varying factors such as price, attributes, price etc. Before a product is launched the techn ique helps create a product profile, which can be altered to generate additional profiles for varying attributes. Consequently this helps businesses find the balance keeping in view the relative desirability of each alternative in a choice set and uses each attribute level uniformly throughout the survey. Conjoint analysis provides information that forms the basis of market segmentation, whereby a large homogenous market is divided into smaller groups bases on demographics, preference, age group, etc. Market segmentation enables businesses to target each homogenous group more effectively since their needs and preferences are recognized, and decisions are taken according.Conjoint analysis can also be employed to exclusive focus on product features and attributes irrespective of price or brand name, hence enabling calculation of utility on individual basis in regard to the aforementioned specific features the companies seeks to evaluate. Moreover, the technique is widely used to measu re the value of brand names in comparison to competing brands. Information can be obtained as to how strong a particular brand is in comparison to specific product and price. It helps businesses make decision based on their brand value in the market, since having a popular brand may not be enough as changes in price and features could impact demand.Conjoint analysis is an important tool which helps in evaluating brand equity and estimate how market share is impact owing to various tradeoffs between brands, prices and some specific features. Conjoint analysis can be used to determine resource allocation, since businesses have already established which attributes are valued more by the consumers through the analysis. Consequently, companies can allocate the scare resources accordingly. They can choose to eliminate or remove features which are superfluous to the customers or not valued by the consumers. This will save costs for the business, and as already established, will not impact sales, since these particular products are not valued by the customers. Reduced cost would lead to more profitability for the businesses. © Conjoint analysis adapted from Dobney.comConjoint analysis could be a great help when companies are in the process of re-modeling or revamping their products and services. When new version of a product is to be launched, the questionnaire could include all possible features or attributed a company could possible add. Through conjoint analysis it can be determined which features should be included given the important respondents attach to certain attributes. This will also help ascertaining the impact it would have on costs and revenues and overall profitability.Advantages Over Other ToolsConjoint analysis has the ability to evaluate more than one variable unlike other two, which are only capable of measuring one variable at one time. The tool has a unique ability to provide measure preference on a scale rather than a “Yes or no” approach, wh ich means that it gives more insightful understanding of customer behavior and their preferences. The data collected from conjoint analysis cab use to construct various models, which helps businesses make better and informed decision. Other techniques do not offer results which cannot be turned into models for further analysis.Unlike other analysis techniques, conjoint analysis can be used to measure price sensitivity to brand names, features on individual level, which could help companies during the process of research design. Interactions between price and various attributes can be determined; hence price sensitivity due to changes in variations can be evaluated.Image credit: Conjoint analysis adapted from Dobney.com

International Trade And Development Report Essay - 3465 Words

4.721 International Trade and Development International Trade Development Report between India New Zealand Prepared By: Shreyans Joshi - 20140745 Rupesh Khanal - Sameer Batliwala - Senbagaraman - Submitted To: Dr. Sushma Seth Bhat Word Count: 3457 Table of Contents Abstracts: 3 Introduction: 3 Current Trade Relations: 4 Current Level of Trade Agreements: 7 Barriers to Trade: 8 ïÆ'Ëœ Tariff Barriers 9 ïÆ'Ëœ Non-Tariff Barriers 9 Conclusion Suggestion: 11 References: 13 Abstracts: India is one of the leading market economies and developing countries while on the other hand New Zealand an industrialized and developed country. The report aims to analyse the current trade relationship and current potential ways to develop trade relationship between India and New Zealand. India and New Zealand are two economies they currently negotiating free trade agreement between them. The report says about the products which are trade between these two countries. India is the second most populous country. The domestic market of New Zealand is relatively small when compared to India. The free trade agreement will give the kiwi business to gain economies of scale, competitive advantage and knowledge. Both the economies are supporting each other and there is a good potential to increase trade between these two countries. Furthermore the report describes in detail the trade barriers affecting the business relationship between the two countries and analyses in detail theShow MoreRe latedAustralia s International Student Market1420 Words   |  6 Pagesplayers in the international student market. 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[pic] A representation of sustainability showing how both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits [pic] Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts â€Å"Let’s see the three overlapping circles: one representing environmental needs,Read MoreAn Ideal Candidate For The Young Professionals Program990 Words   |  4 PagesHaving grown up in a small town in China in the 1990s, I witnessed many people’s lives were completely changed thanks to economic development. As one of the beneficiaries of China’s fast economic growth, I’ve been longing for a career that will allow me to help to understand development issues and solve poverty in poorer countries since I was a kid. Therefore, the World Bank’s twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity strongly resonate with me. 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The Army And The Police Force - 878 Words

The Army and the Police Force The Police Force on the one hand, is a local law enforcer that saves lives and protects property, and on the other hand, the Army is both an international and local entity that also performs the operation of saving lives and the protection of property. The Army belongs to the Military, who risk their lives by fighting wars in order to protect the country and the lives of people. The Army and the Police Force share a huge sum of similarities, such as their purpose; which is saving lives and protecting property, and who are responsible for the promotion of peace and unity. At the same time, they have some differences, such as; the availability of scholarships and education grants in the army, the ability to explore round the world, get retirement benefits, and of course, get special treatment when one becomes an Army veteran. The Police Force and the Army both belong to the Department of Defense, which implies that they are both involved in the defense of the state or country. The Police Force collects and communicates intelligence affecting the public peace to the competent authority, prevents the commission of offenses and public nuisance, detects and brings offenders to justice, and apprehends all persons that it is legally authorized to apprehend. The Army engages in fighting wars for its country, achieving sustained land dominance, and destroying an enemy or keeping the peace. The Army and the Police Force are bodies that defend theirShow MoreRelatedP4 Describe, with Examples, the Impact of Government Policies on Different Public Services.906 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples, the impact of government Policies on different public services. 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Donald Trump should not be impeached because he supports historically black colleges (HBCU’s), he wants to create more jobs by supporting small and big businesses, and he support blue collars (police) and the army. Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964. These colleges and universities were made for the African American community. They have alwaysRead MoreGeneral John R. Allen1503 Words   |  7 Pagesdocumentary presents a coherent point of view that is over shadowed and pushed under the rug by North American Media and Propaganda. The title was â€Å"inspired by the General John R. Allen who spoke of the war as a victory for USA in setting Afghan forces as a defense for the people and ensuring that at the end of it the government of the country would ultimately serve the citizens in this war-torn country† (Anderson). 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Just prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Army was providing its information only to the State Department and the Navy was providing its information only to the President (Clausen). Neither the Army nor the Navy shared its information with each other due to frictionRead MoreA Report On Verification Of Forces1333 Words   |  6 PagesDDPD in February 2013 also commenced preparations for the verification of its combatants with the support of the UNAMID Ceasefire Commission using DDPD. 3.1.2.1 Verification of Forces The respondents informed that the verification of units was based on lists of personnel strength and military equipment provided by LJM and confirmed by UNAMID. The information was also supposed to be used by the Ceasefire Commission for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and integration planning and used

Psychological Aspects of Homosexuality - 1553 Words

The Playstation 360 In today’s entertainment market, Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony dominate the interactive entertainment medium, with Macintosh’s i-devices rapidly cornering the handheld market. Now, if one was interested in owning a home video game console, they need to weigh the positives and negatives of their options heavily because the current generation of home consoles is frightfully expensive and once you make your choice, you’re virtually stuck with it. The current popular choice is the Nintendo Wii due to its appeal to people who only play games casually on a basis similar to say, reading for fun or movie watching. I believe common consumer with less gaming finesse would jump on the Nintendo console first, which leaves†¦show more content†¦If any of the above descriptors apply to you then know that buying a 360 means supporting an American company, Microsoft. Another exclusivity aspect to consider is the 360 and PS3’s motion sensing systems. After the popularity and financial success of the Nintendo Wii, Sony and Microsoft created motion sensing supplements to cash in on the family friendly party game crowd. The PS3 and 360’s motion sensing controller systems are more precise than the Wii’s, but because they are supplements and don’t come with the console, they increase the price for access to a relatively small library of motion control based games. However the market is growing of course and the library shall also grow. Between the PS3 and the 360, the PS3’s motion sensing system is the most expensive. In order for the system to be effective you must by the motion sensing wand and its navigation supplement as well as the camera to read the movements (Some single player games even require you to have two wands.). Traditionally, if one is getting a motion sensing game they are getting party games or fami ly games which require more controllers which increases the price significantly, making the overall package more expensive than the already pricey 360’s motion sensing camera the Kinect. After the price, personal preference is all that matters. TheShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreEssay about Sexual Orientation1077 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered highly controversial in our world today. 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Cross-Cultural Stereotypes and Communication free essay sample

Cross-Cultural Stereotypes and Communication Wendy Kinsey Kaplan University CJ 246 (section-01) Stacie Haen-Darden July 28, 2011 Scenario 1: Asian/Pacific American Using Coining to Heal Seng Chang and Kaying Lor had the couple’s Children taken on April 30 when some employee’s At Sherman Elementary School noticed marks on the children’s bodies. After the family had been in court on Monday, the couple been notified that there would be no charges and they would receive their children back in their home. In this scenario, the parents thought to be abusing the children taken because of an employee of the school. The parents labeled as abusive and harmful to their children because of the marks seen on the children’s bodies that came from a cultural practice. Many people do not understand other cultures beliefs and think it is wrong because it is different from their belief. Coining begins with a massage using warm oil, which mixed with warming essential oils. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross-Cultural Stereotypes and Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A coin repeatedly rubbed against an area of the skin in long flowing movements that always move away from the heart. The blood begins coming to the surface of the skin and will cause a bruise on the skin. Coining believed to be design to bring balance to the body (Wise Geek, 2003-2011). Scenario 2: African American in Upper Class Suburban A 19-year-old African American living in the upper – middle class suburb in Fremont, California, reported he was continually stopped and questioned, in four separate times in two weeks, by different officers. The officer saw the African American jogging and stopped him to ask where he lives. The officer asked if the young boy could prove he lived in the house on the hill and asked for his I. D. On another occasion when the young man was jogging, he been stopped for his shoe’s he was wearing. Due to his color, officers may have believed he did not belong is this neighborhood. This is due to cultural beliefs and stereotyping of individuals. Common Stereotypes and Communication Styles Negative stereotyping can affect the communication by preventing us from actually getting to know a person on an individual basis, and increases communication errors, and can make us shy away from people of particular culture groups. In America, where it is believed that all cultures are equal, every culture communicates differently and in their own way. The mannerism, the way we talk and gesture can be particular to our background and the environment we been raised into. Previous experiences may remind a person of what is appropriate and inappropriate in trying to approach another person of a different culture. Sometimes previous interaction will make a person not want to interact with someone else or a different culture. Some cross cultures may have had a bad experience with a police officer before and because of this would avoid a police officer at all cost. In some situations, the person will be afraid or refuse to do what an officer wants because of an experience. In the workplace, an experience of people making fun of a person can cause that person, in their next job, not want to associate with fellow employees. In any situation, a person has to be careful what they do and say to a person of another culture. Importance of Cross Cultural Knowledge Having the knowledge of different cultural backgrounds can help in the communication process. The cultural diversity and sensitivity can be good in the work place especially when promoting cross-cultural communication. The businesses today are becoming more diverse in our society. The Hudson Institute reported â€Å"the American workforce would be reshaped by issues around race, gender, ethnicity, national origin, and that the proper management of this diverse workforce would be a key priority, not because enterprises would become kinder or gentler but because their very survival would depend on it† ( Dr. Pikay Richardson, 2010). There has to be an understanding that cross-cultures communicate differently to be able to understand one another and the culture that the individual has come from. In having this knowledge, one would be able to communicate with many cultures without any confusion or language barrier, which would prevent mistaken words or actions. REFFERENCES: (2011), What Is Stereotyping? , QandAs, and Received from website http://www. wisegeek. com/in-traditional-chinese-medicine-what-is-coining. htm Hawkins. D, (2010), Cross-Cultural Communication: How different Cultures Communicate and Effects on the Workplace, Ashford University, and Received by website: http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Cross-Cultural-Communication/426570

Simple Stimulus Learning

Learning is one of the most crucial processes for human beings particularly when it comes to co-existence in the environment (Aslin, 2008). There are a number of ways through which learning can occur and result in the transformation of behavior. Psychologists define learning as a life long mental process endured by human beings through the acquisition of various forms of knowledge. The ultimate outcome of any meaningful learning is the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, abilities, value systems, and the development of new personal ways of relating with the environment (Aslin, 2008). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Stimulus Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Habituation and conditioning are some of the simplest forms of learning. In situations where a given stimulus is incorporated in learning, it is known as stimulus learning. Meaningful stimulus learning occurs when behavior is transformed thro ugh the use of stimuli. This essay discusses the simple stimulus learning. It explains the concept of habituation, analyzes the various factors which affect perceptual learning, and examines the effects of stimulus exposure. The essay also highlights the application of simple stimulus learning to real life situations. According to prominent psychologists, stimulus learning is defined as the permanent transformation in behavior due to first hand experience by an individual (Postman, 2007). The change in behavior is the physical manifestation of the knowledge and skills acquired through learning. This presents a more objective way of finding out if meaningful learning has occurred. Behavior as a result of learning should be relatively permanent as opposed to behavior dynamics arising from emotional variations. There are several forms of learning which have been identified by psychological theorists. Habituation is one of the simplest forms of knowledge acquisition. It results from co ntinued exposure to a specified stimulus. Habituation follows a general pattern which involves the familiarization of a stimulus by an individual. This process is achieved through rapid motivation or noise which in turn controls the individual’s thought process (Postman, 2007). Frequent exposure to a given stimulus will force an individual to become used to it to such an extent that it draws no attention. For instance, if someone shifts to a home on a noisy road, the experience of automobiles passing by will be a major issue. However, being in the environment for some time will eventually lead to the noise being part of the day. The individual, therefore, becomes habituated to the surrounding such that attention to the busy road fades away. This form of learning helps individuals exist in an environment which is filled by vision and noises (Aslin, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Perception presents one of the most dominant means through which humans learn. Perceptual learning occurs as a result of constant practice as well as first hand experience. It causes a change in the collection of important information from the environment which in turn affects an individual’s actions (Adolph, 2007). It has also been noted that people learn through their actions as they interact with the environment. An individual’s desire to explore the environment facilitates perceptual learning to a great extent. As one looks, listens, touches, walks as well as employ other forms of direct observation, he or she acquires knowledge, values, and skills through perceptual learning. Since perception involves fist hand encounter, it is useful in the acquisition of information that help in dealing with immediate objectives (Adolph, 2007). A number of factors have been known to affect perceptual learning. Experience has been picked out as one of the major facto sr that affect perceptual learning and development (Adolph, 2007). The length of time to which one is exposed to a given stimulus determines the extent or degree to which learning may occur. Experience has been linked with age and the timing of when an individual is exposed to it affects the effectiveness of the learning process. Another factor that plays a central role in perceptual learning is the ‘constancy’ of perception. Variations in lighting intensity of the object and the relative positioning of the perceiver greatly affects the energy that facilitates the perception of a given object. Perceptual learning and development enables individuals understand that objects and situations remain unchanged despite the variations in some sensory inputs (Adolph, 2007). A number of psychological researchers have explored the factors that affect the different forms of learning. Prior exposure to particular stimulus has been found to affect the rate of learning in individuals (Postman, 2007). This is because an individual can be able to associate the different stimuli. Exposure, according to research findings, has been known to enhance predictability of given actions or stimuli and hence shapes behavior. Individuals interact with the environment through the various forms of learning and hence can influence as much as they are influenced by their surroundings. Simple stimulus learning has several real life applications. Living in a noisy neighborhood will eventually lead to co-existence when the response to the stimulus fades away through habituation. The essay has elaborated the concept of simple stimulus learning and habituation as one of the simplest form of learning. The various factors affecting perceptual learning have been analyzed. The ways in which exposure to stimulus influences the learning process have also been discussed. Moreover, the paper has highlighted the applications of simple stimulus learning to real life situations. Stimulus learnin g, therefore, is one of the most critical means of acquiring knowledge and skills which facilitate meaningful living.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Stimulus Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Adolph, M. R. (2007). Perceptual learning and development in infants. McGraw Hill Plc. Aslin, R. P. (2008). Learning and stimulus response: an analysis. Berkeley Press Postman, G. L. (2007). â€Å"Understanding stimulus learning.† Psychological Review Journal, 64 (3):426-437 This essay on Simple Stimulus Learning was written and submitted by user Zayne Burks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Best Quotes for Toasting Your Wedding Anniversary

Best Quotes for Toasting Your Wedding Anniversary Wedding anniversaries can be almost as important as weddings, particularly when the anniversary is a big one (10th, 20th, 25th, and so forth). Some anniversaries are celebrated with big parties, while others are small, private events. If youre half of a happy couple celebrating their anniversary or have been invited to give a  wedding anniversary toast to the wonderful companionship and undying love that a special couple shares, you may be stuck looking for the right words. Here are a few quotes that should help you create the perfect wedding anniversary toast that commemorates a perfect love. Quotes for Anniversary Toast Examples What can you say about your husband or wife that truly captures your feelings and their spirit? Luckily, some of the worlds great thinkers and writers have come up with just the right words. Emily Bronte Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same. Mother Teresa I have found the paradox, that if you love until it hurts, there can be no more hurt, only more love. Somerset Maugham We are not the same persons this year as last; nor are those we love. It is a happy chance if we, changing, continue to love a changed person. Elizabeth Barrett Browning You were made perfectly to be loved - and surely I have loved you, in the idea of you, my whole life long. Julia Child The secret of a happy marriage is finding the right person. You know theyre right if you love to be with them all the time. Zane Grey Love grows more tremendously full, swift, poignant, as the years multiply. Quotes for Friends and Relatives Youve been invited to an anniversary event, and you want (or have been invited) to make a toast. Whats the right blend of humor and sincerity to celebrate someone elses love?  Here are ideas that run the gamut from snarky to sincere. Robert A. Heinlein May you live as long as you wish and love as long as you live. ​H. L. Mencken Strike an average between what a woman thinks of her husband a month before she marries him and what she thinks of him a year afterward, and you will have the truth about him. Simone Signoret Chains do not hold a  marriage  together. It  is threads, hundreds of tiny threads which sew people together through the years. Doug Larson More marriages might survive if the partners realized that sometimes the better comes after the worse. Rebecca Tilly The middle years of marriage are the most crucial. In the early years, spouses want each other and in late years, they need each other. R. H. Delaney Love builds bridges where there are none. Elben Bano Love that is true never grows old. Khalil Gibran It is wrong to think that love comes from long companionship and persevering courtship. Love is the offspring of spiritual affinity and unless that affinity is created in a moment, it will not be created for years or even generations.

Trusts and Equity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trusts and Equity - Coursework Example Trustees of Trust have many responsibilities in the exercising of their duties as a trustee. The areas that often posses most difficulties for trustees and is most often misinterpreted, in this area of investment. The Trustee Act 1956 followed an approach of a permitted legal list can be amended from time to time by the new categories if investment. However even though there are no restrictions on the type of investment the trustees can make. There is a general requirement that a trustee exercising any power of investment shall exercise the care, diligence and skill that a prudent person of business the affair of authors. Adam and Beth should consider to take the investment idea that investment advisor have proposed to them. They can invest in stock exchange in order to reduce the risk for losing a lot of money in their investment. The act allows the trustees to invest in any asset as if they were absolutely entitled. The power to invest can be overridden or amended by any investment powers in the trust deed. Typically, these allow trustees to invest in a wide range of investment such as life assurance products, deposits and shares. When selecting investment like investing in shares, the trustees are required to regard the standard vestment criteria that the investment should be suitable and diversified. In order to meet the requirement of the Trustee amendment Act, it is strongly recommended that trustee should work with qualified financial planner who has experience in trustee investment. It should be noted that the investment strategy applied to the trust assets like those shares that Adam and Beth have in that private company can be significantly different than that for an individual. This is because a trust can have different classes of beneficiaries such as income beneficiaries and capital beneficiaries. Modern trusts tend to be fully discretionary trust which will require the trustees to carefully balance all the interest of their beneficiaries.

Dutchtown High School Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dutchtown High School - Research Paper Example There are a number of classes that are offered at Dutchtown middle school even though all the students are encouraged to take the entire four major lessons, which are science social studies, math, and English. The school also provides an opportunity to get into an in-state university. The schools motto is to provide an environment of excellence where all students can become lifelong learners and productive citizens. In addition, the school also offers courses in United States history, studio art 2d-design, biology, computer science, art history, calculus Ab & Bc, chemistry, English language and composition , politics, studio art drawing, US government, English literature, world history, European history and physics. The state of Louisiana has an enrollment of 703,309 students while the attendance rate for the year 2010-2011 was 94.8% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). However, the in-school suspension rate for the year 2010-2011 was 9.6% while the percentage of classes taught by highly qual ified teachers for the same year was 88.8%. The expenditure per student was $10,622. The state ranked in a grade of 91.8 in 2010, which is a 2 star ranking and 93.3 in 2011, which is a grade C ranking (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). ... n.  However, the area where the school is located is vulnerable to hurricanes and the tropical systems since the area is lowly elevated, and has a close location to the coast of southeast Louisiana. The town lies 23 feet above the sea level, which is slightly lower than most areas of United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Geismar in turn is located in Louisiana, a state found in the US, which is found in the southern region. The state of Louisiana is among the most extensive and populous states of the United States. This has contributed greatly in shaping the demographics patterns of Ducthtown High School in that the school boasts of a large population of students and teachers. The average ratio of students to teacher is 25:1, which is actually a moderate ratio. The capitals of Louisiana are found in Baton Rouge whereas the largest city in that state is New Orleans. One interesting political fact is that the state of New Orleans is the only state in the US whereby the three are political subdivisions known as parishes. Dutchtown High School is located in Ascension Parish. These parishes are the equivalents of counties in many other US states (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Ethnically, the state of Louisiana’s urban environments is a multi-cultural environment and multi-lingual surroundings. The states heritage is by far shaped and influenced by the admixture of 18th century,  Native American, African,  and Spanish cultures. Cultures and ethnicity are considered exceptional in the US statistics, which have also played a major role in shaping the schools ethnicity and cultural heritage. This multi cultures were contributed largely by the colonial history of this state whereby the French and the Spanish colonized it way before the British took over colonizing America.

Issues in Social Work and Mental Health Quality Issues

Issues in Social Work and Mental Health Quality Issues An Analysis of a Range of Issues in Quality Frameworks, Processes and Methods of Measurement in Mental Health Work and Social Work Practice Introduction In equating the various range of issues with respect to quality frameworks, processes as well as methods of measurement in mental health work and social work practice it is important to understand the meaning of these terms as well as their respective applications in the United Kingdom, which represents the subject focus for the aforementioned. Mental health is defined as (Houghton Mifflin, 2006): â€Å" A state of emotional and psychological well-being †¦Ã¢â‚¬  whereby individuals are able to utilize their respective â€Å"†¦ cognitive and emotional capabilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to function as members of society as well as to â€Å"†¦ meet the ordinary demands †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which are a process of daily living† In the context of mental health services it relates to â€Å"A branch of medicine that deals with †¦ achievement and maintenance †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Houghton Mifflin, 2006) of the psychological well-being of individuals. The International Federation of Social Workers (Bouldertherapist.com, 2006) defines social work as a profession that â€Å"†¦ promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as giving individuals the empowerment and liberation â€Å"†¦ to enhance their well-being†. The profession, as maintained by the International Federation of Social Workers utilizes â€Å"†¦ theories of human behavior and social systems †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in a context whereby the profession intervenes and interacts with individuals at the areas where they â€Å"†¦ interact with their environments† and whereby the principles of both human rights as well as social justice are underpinnings in the field of social work (Boulderthe rapist.com, 2006). These two fields have a denominator in common, which is that they exist to serve people and help them to improve, as well as cope with their aliments and to ultimately return to a healthful state. The process of serving individuals in this capacity represents some of the most challenging professions in that the analysis of effectiveness, quality, processes and the methodologies utilized in measuring the aforementioned with respect to the varied issues arising from the active practice can be subjective in most instances. This examination shall look at the mental health and social work professions from the context of a range of issues representing quality frameworks, processes and methods of measurement to determine the progress made in providing better service and quality to patients and carers. Total Quality Management Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 138, 248), Crosby (1980, pp. 212-223) and Juran (1992, pp. 171) are all proponents of ‘Total Quality Management’ which is a strategy dedicated to building into an organization the awareness of thinking in terms of embedding quality in all phases of an organization’s processes. The International Organization for Standardization (2006) defines ‘Total Quality Management’ as being â€Å"†¦ a management approach †¦ centered on quality †¦ which is †¦ based upon the participation of all its members †¦ that aims at long-term success †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wikipedia, 2006) achieving the foregoing through customer and or client satisfaction that generates â€Å"†¦ benefits to all members †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wikipedia, 2006). The preceding includes the organization itself as well as society. In equating quality, the usual context in which one thinks of this word is in products, rather than services such a those prod ucts which are made with a minimum of problems, of good materials and which work properly and achieve this through consistent operation. However, quality as an end result is an organizational mind set, and as referred to in the International Organization for Standardization (2006) definition as a process â€Å"†¦ that aims at long-term success †¦Ã¢â‚¬  achieving the foregoing through customer and or client satisfaction that generates â€Å"†¦ benefits to all members †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wikipedia, 2006). Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 6-10) is an American consultant who exposes the importance of implementing a quality oriented organization that permeates every facet of an organization’s structure and culture, regardless of department or function. Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 8) states that organizations must produce â€Å"†¦ products and services that help people to live better† and that the preceding â€Å"†¦ is the raison d’etre †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 8) of the organization. His philosophy is that through the adoption of quality products and services, which is a function of management inculcating its staff in quality and innovation measures, the end product and or service improves as does its relationship with its customers and or clients. Crosby (1980, p. 1-5) indicates that mistakes or poor organizational habits and or policies are costly in terms of corrections and the damage to reputation and morale and that all members of an organization have the responsibility to perform their jobs which enhances the performance of other functions thus becoming a synergistic effect. Crosby (1980, p. 4-8), as does Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 6-10) and Juran (1992, pp. 171) all emphasize the importance of quality in increasing an organization’s ability to provide services that meet and exceed client expectations through the effect that quality orientation has on internal interpersonal relationships and openness to ideas. The heart of the work level philosophies held by Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 138, 248), Crosby (1980, pp. 212-223) and Juran (1992, pp. 171) is the contribution of ‘quality’ to the equation of improved services and innovation in heightening organizational standards. The term ‘quality’ can thus mean in this context (Wikipedia, 2006): the excellence and or achievement of an object or service, meaning that it is not inferior or sub-standard, a meaning of excellence in its own right ‘Quality’ is a term in this context that is synonymous with good, which represents the criteria utilized as the standard being applied. Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 138, 248), Crosby (1980, pp. 212-223) and Juran (1992, pp. 171) equate this word in the following manner: Deming (Deming, 1988) states that improved quality helps to reduce operating costs through less error and correction measures. He indicates that to attain the preceding a consistency of purpose needs to be inculcated throughout the organization with an overall plan that is maintained. Deming (Deming, 1988) stresses the need for improved consistency on an ongoing basis and to remove the barriers between various departments to increase and improve communication, feedback and intra-company working processes. Deming’s (Deming, 1988) thirteen point program stresses that it is management that leads and sets the example as well as supports ongoing quality through active participation that involves everyone within the organization as well as suggestions and contributions from working partners and clients. Juran (1992, pp. 154-198) states that quality application in organizations is defined by crafting them to be utilized in context with the organizations purpose to improve performance. Crosby (1980, pp. 189-216) also trumpets the application of quality throughout the organization as a management down function that must be maintained, taught as well as communicated to bring the staff not only on board, but committed to the adoption of quality and improvements as an organizational way of thinking. Moullin (2002, pp. 2-7) advises us that quality in health and social care fits within these fields as it is important to: patients as well as service users, staff, and the application of quality can aid in the reduction of costs as well as provide better service in the context of budgetary and cost constraints. It is interesting to note that Moullin’s (2002, pp. 2-7) points are the same as those emphasized by Deming (Aquayo, 1991, pp. 138, 248), Crosby (1980, pp. 212-223) and Juran (1992, pp. 171) in the general context of total quality management, and that the application in the health and social care fields is the same as for manufacturing, banking, or any other industrial sector. Moullin (2002, pp. 2-7) points out that quality in the health and social care fields is important in that not only do patients as well as service users benefit in that their differing requirements are met in a better, more comprehensive and complete fashion, the benefit of quality also affects both these groups each time they come into contact with the organization(s) and thus their individual confidence levels rise with the expectation that they will receive good service and be well treated. Moullin (2002, pp. 5) advises that patients in need of health and social services are usually stressed, worried, v ulnerable as well as frightened with respect to the outcome of their need(s) and that long waits on the telephone, in lines, for responses, little or insufficient information, poor facilities and insensitivity exacerbate the preceding. He (Moullin, 2002, pp. 6-8) indicates that quality in these fields, health and social care, is important in that: The staff benefits as the vast majority elected for a career in these fields out of a desire to help others, rather than for monetary gains and that poorly organized staffing functions contribute to frustrations for employees reducing their morale as well as effectiveness. Moullin (2002, p. 6) adds that quality is important in the reduction of costs as he advises that the correlation between resources and quality represents a strong relationship. And while the amount and number of staffing is important, quality can be improved irrespective through the application of new innovative techniques, technology, work flow planning, scheduling and other means. Moullin (2002, p 6) indicates that reduction in costs sometimes means increasing services and or staffing in one area whereby the work load flow will thus lessen the impacts on another thus either balancing out or reducing costs through flow adjustment. While it is difficult to place an exact date or year on when quality became an active force in the health and social care sectors, the concern over spiraling health care costs, inefficiencies and deteriorating services began to surface in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s in the United States, as well as a result of the increasing costs burdening the governments in Europe’s socialized medicine schemes (Bennett et al, 1999). The era of unlimited access and treatment as the foundation of quality oriented services in the health and social care fields began to give way to the spiraling costs of advancements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities, with the rising costs of health and social care exceeding the rise in the costs of living in the United States as well as Europe and the expenditures for socialized medicine threatened the economies of many nations in Europe (Lighter, 1999, p. 265). In addition to the foregoing, the aging of the world’s po pulation as better medical care has increased life spans, and this combined with the fertility transition has increased the proportion of older adults and has contributed to the concern for quality in health and social care (Demeny et al, 2003). Health care spending in most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, such as (OECD, 2006): Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States, amounts to in excess of eight percent (8%) of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with health related spending in the United States projected at fourteen percent (14%) (World Trade Organization, 1998). The public’s concerns over increased costs for health and social care services prompted the privatization wave on the mid 1980’s in the expectation that the measure would increase efficiency as well as reduce costs, but those expectations from this initiative have been elusive (Bach, 1989). The preceding created a climate whereby governments in Europe under socialized medicine, as well as the private health care structure and governmental social care system in the United States began to look for measures to control and reduce costs while increasing quality. In 1998 the Department of Health in the United Kingdom issued a ‘White Paper’ titled â€Å"Modernising Social Services† (Department of Health, 1998) which represented the United Kingdom governmental response to public opinion as well as mounting social care costs to introduce quality frameworks into the system. The White Paper set forth a framework at the national level that called for (Department of Health, 1998): the establishment of â€Å"†¦ clear objectives for social services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ that created a â€Å"†¦ clear expectation of outcomes †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which social services would be â€Å"†¦ required to deliver.† (Department of Health, 1998), the publication of a â€Å"†¦ National Priorities Guidance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998) that set up key targets that social services would achieve in the intermediate term, and putting into place â€Å"†¦ effective systems †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998) via which to monitor as well as to manage performance. The Department of Health’s White Paper in 1998 clearly set forth that the government of the United Kingdom was putting into place â€Å"†¦ new resources to support †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998) the programme, and in return for these added resources, pegged at  £1.3 billion over 1999/2000 – 2001/2002, and the United Kingdom government made it clear that it expected â€Å"†¦ to see improvements in quality and efficiency †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998). The Best Value framework represented another name for Total Quality Management in the context of health and social services care in the United Kingdom. Under the â€Å"Best Value† framework indicated under this White Paper, the government set forth that (Department of Health, 1998): Local authorities were mandated to establish â€Å"†¦ authority wide objectives for performance measures† (Department of Health, 1998) in consort with the national objectives as well as government set standards and or targets. Local authorities were also provided with the responsibility to conduct and â€Å"†¦ carry out fundamental performance reviews †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998) concerning all their services in a five year framework utilizing these reviews for assessment and the establishment of â€Å"†¦ local performance plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998). That the local planning process will be underpinned and supported via data obtained â€Å"†¦ from a new statistical performance assessment framework† (Department of Health, 1998). â€Å"†¦ Local Performance Plans †¦Ã¢â‚¬  will be utilized to identify the targets for improvement compared against performance indicators on a local level and â€Å"†¦. The National Best Value Performance Indicators †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998). Annual reviews of the aforementioned local performance plans will be conducted by the Department of Health utilizing Social care Regional Offices to assess progress and identify problem areas (Department of Health, 1998). The White Paper put into place an independent inspection system utilizing data from the performance assessment framework (Department of Health, 1998). And lastly, the ‘Modernisation’ programme set forth a system of Joint Reviews reducing the time table to five years from seven (Department of Health, 1998). The new programme set forth a performance assessment framework that specified performance areas defined by (Department of Health, 1998): cost and efficiency, effectiveness of service delivery and outcomes, quality of services for users and carers, and fair access. Analytical Methods of Quality Measurement and Standards Balanced scorecards represent a top-down hierarchical set of management tools that link long-term financial goals with performance targets (Kaplan et al, 1996, pp. 75-84). The United Kingdom’s National Health Service utilizes what is termed a ‘Star Rating’ system which is an example of the balanced scorecard (British Library, 2002). Kaplan et al (2001) advise that this methodology, specifically designed for the public as well as voluntary sectors has a link between performance measures and strategy, and thus the method should represent one of benefit in these regards. The caveat is that there are varied difficulties arising from its use by organizations as the financial perspective measurement is not the defining factors of organizational purpose in the public sector (Dickson et al, 2001, pp. 1057-1066). Kaplan et al (2001, pp. 135) agree with the foregoing and add that in utilizing the balanced scorecard governmental agencies should consider the utilization of an overarching objective at the head of their respective scorecards which is reflective of the long-term objectives (Kaplan et al, 2001, pp. 135). The difference in the utilization of the balanced scorecard in a not for profit and governmental agency mode as opposed to business is the way stakeholders are considered. In a business atmosphere stakeholders are involved as it represents the best means to conduct business, however in a not for profit and governmental agency sense, these organizations usually exist for the benefit of the users of the service as well as other stakeholders thus changing the emphasis whereby stakeholder contribution is more fundamental (Moullin, 2002, p. 167). Moullin (2002) adds that user involvement takes place at two levels, one represents helping to develop the service to meet their needs and the second entails the involvement of users and carers in the decisions concerning their health as well as the care given and received. Benchmarking, as a term, has numerous definitions, however at its core it represents a process of â€Å"†¦sharing information, learning and adopting best practices †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (PSBS, 2006). The European Benchmarking Code of Conduct states that it is a process of making comparisons against other organizations and thus learning from the lessons these comparisons reveal (The European Benchmarking Code of Conduct, 1998). In the context of social care, benchmarking entails the understanding or and utilization of knowledge gained across a range of services and compilations to utilize in formulating standards of measurement as a guide to rating and understanding the performance of services in individual local authorities. The weakness of benchmarking is that it can not stand as a total measurement without revision and modification as newer and more effective techniques and methods prove themselves. Thus as a standard in a state of flux, benchmarking represents a system that is base d upon existing methodologies, that are changing, being modified and or amended. Thus benchmarking represents a useful, yet temporary methodology whereby the practitioners must be mindful that existing standards are subject to change, which in conjunction with other measurement methodologies has contributed to improving quality and performance in the health and social care sectors. Quality Approach The utilization of balanced scorecards, and benchmarking fall under the concept of Total Quality Management which is termed Best Value under the Department of Health’s Modernization Programme and is illustrated by an example provided by Gillian Crosby (2004, pp. 7-8), the Director of the Centre for Policy on Ageing. She indicates that the problem in the social services arena, is wrongly based in concentrating on the solving of their problems as well as users of services rather than as their being active contributors to society. Crosby (2004, pp. 7-8) indicates that the NHS views social care as well as society’s older individuals as a â€Å"problem† which in what Crosby (2004, pp. 7-8) terms a â€Å"†¦ very narrow approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬  thus creating a focus on delivering intensive services which thus â€Å"†¦ excludes †¦ older people and their careers†. She further states that in the aspect of quality as it relates to social services the s ystems of initiatives, pilots, and projects that have been created and put into place to audit, evaluate, monitor and investigate service development and provisions have been in place for years. Crosby (2004, pp. 7-8) maintains that the problem is the â€Å"†¦ sustaining and maintaining †¦Ã¢â‚¬  these areas and â€Å"†¦ building them into effective †¦Ã¢â‚¬  provisions through utilizing these collective findings and synthesizing that information. Crosby (2004, pp. 7-8) indicates that this void causes good ideas to stagnate rather than permitting them to be explored and utilized where warranted and she cites that quality thus suffers as a result of duplication and what she terms as â€Å"†¦ pilot fatigue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , indicating that the system needs to implement as well as create and find more innovative ways in which to service elder citizens in a manner whereby these initiatives are â€Å"†¦ developed and maintained.† Crosby (2004, pp. 7- 8) that there are numerous examples of individual cases whereby instances of good practice have been demonstrated through partnerships that have improved service provisions for elder citizens, citing the â€Å"London Older People’s Service Development Programme† as an example. The preceding utilized a collaborative model that promoted optimized care and independence and grew into a tool implemented by the National Service Framework for Older People in London with the hallmark being its â€Å"†¦ single assessment process† (Crosby, 2004, p. 8). The foregoing example is an instance whereby the practice of Best Value and allied tools need improvement to respond to the specialized needs of a segment of social care services, but this example does not indicate that system wide the measurement has not produced results. The system has shown â€Å"mixed progress† as reported by the BBC (2005) as the quality of care has improved since the adoption of the Modernization Programme, but as the BBC (2005) reports, â€Å"†¦ there are still worrying gaps †¦Ã¢â‚¬  with regard to service as reported by inspectors. The BBC (2005) report indicated that three quarters of the council departments received ratings â€Å"†¦ in the top two categories †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as opposed to slightly â€Å"†¦ over two thirds in 2004†. Thus progress has been made as a result, yet there is still sufficient room for further improvement. The NHS Mental Health sectors foundation for improvement in its quality of services was set forth under the National Service Framework in 1999 which established a blueprint for care throughout the United Kingdom †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health, 1998). The initiatives established for a modern NHS resound with the word ‘quality’ as its foundation (Appleby, 2000, pp. 177-291). The process filters down into every job description utilizing the word â€Å"quality agenda† (Appleby, 2000, pp. 177-291) which is composed of six elements: treating patients as well as service users with the dignity they deserve, the creation of the proper environments via which patients can recover and utilizing their views to accomplish how services should be developed, recognition of the skills of families in the roles of carers, linking service activities to needs so acutely ill individuals receive urgent care access through a comprehensive range of services, making the best as well as most effective treatments available, and emphasize patient safety The success of the system is contained in the regional rating system which measures the number of ‘Local Implementation Plans’ in red, amber and green (Appleby, 2000, pp. 177-291). The National Service Frameworks set measurable goals as follows (Department of Health, 2006): the setting of national standards and the identification of key interventions with respect to defined service and or care groups, placement of strategies that support implementation, establishment of means via which to ensure progress in defined time frames, introduction of the new NHS and A First Class service that re-emphasized the position of NSF’s as the key drivers in the deliverance of the modernized agenda. The success of the NSF is assessed by what are termed interface indicators which are a part of the performance assessment frameworks which has seen demonstrated improvement throughout the system as a result of the Department of Health Modernization Programme and as contained in the Mental health NSF Performance Report of July 2005 rated all ongoing programs as meeting the prescribed targets of achievement (Mental health NSF, 2005). In 2005 26 councils received the three star top rating, which represented an increase of six councils over the prior year (BBC, 2005). The total results indicated (BBC, 2005): 83 councils received two starts as opposed to 78 in the year 2004, 31 received one star, which represented a decrease from 36 the year before, 3 received zero stars, which decreased from eight in 2004. The foregoing indicates that the Modernization Programme has demonstrated progress and as a result of the varied programmes and measurement systems there is in place a means to equate progress. Clinical Governance is a term and process which grew from the commercial arena under standards for financial management for companies in the private sector (Palmer, 2002, pp. 470-476). In the framework of the NHS it represents a methodology and framework whereby organizations are accountable for the continuous improvement in the quality of their services as well as high standards of care through the creation of a climate and environment whereby excellence with regard to clinical care grows (Department of Health, 1998, p. 33). Since the implementation of the Department of Health’s modernization programme NHS community and acute trusts have been charged with the creation of established structures as well as processes for clinical governance which is monitored by the CHI. It represents a comprehensive approach comprised of four areas (Palmer, 2002, pp. 470-476): definitive and clear lines of responsibility for overall clinical care quality, programme of quality improvement regarding activities that includes a clinical audit, development and utilization of clear policies that manage risks, procedural methodologies for all groups to identify as well as correct poor performance areas The heart of the system is the clinical audit which places accountability on the managers and utilizes performance management as the process of delivering the objectives throughout organizations to filter down to each individual and job description thus providing management with clear roles and set priorities. The programme has been rated as successful in terms of it providing a clear set of measurement data to gauge and compare progress through point in time comparisons under its clinical audit segment which represents a new system that did not exist (Palmer, 2002, pp. 470-476). As such it has aided in the achievement of measurable improvements in the field of patient care, making such an established routine. The Commission for Social Care Inspection utilizes a framework of fifty performance indicators that when assessed as a whole provide an overview of the manner in which local councils are serving the needs of their residents concerning social care service delivery (East Sussex County Council, 2006). Inspections are carried out a minimum of once in a three year period and can be conducted at any time and is comprised of three types of inspections (Commission for Social Care Inspection, 2006): Key Inspections: These are comprehensive and through inspections that are unannounced and are conducted at least once for all adult social care services during a year period. It represents on sire as well as documentation reviews and inspections of all areas of service categories without any prior notice. Random Inspections This type represents targeted specific issue inspections conducted in addition to key inspections in the follow up of complaints and or progress from an earlier inspection calling for specific areas of concern. Thematic Inspections These inspections represent follow up to regional and or national issues concerning medication, nutrition or similar areas and are also in addition to key and random inspections which can be conducted at any time. The preceding inspections provide the formulation for ratings and represent a gauge on progress, standards and adherence to established policies. The performance indicators represent fifty differ areas ranging from (National Statistics, 2005): Children’s Pls placement stability employment, education and care leavers education unit cost of residential care unit cost of foster care children reviews core assessments long term stability children in need Adult Pls emergency admissions drug treatment program participation unit costs of residential and nursing care adults at home services for carers client reviews carer assessments waiting times The methodology has been successful in terms of providing a measuring device via which the CSCI can assess progress and improvements as well as backward movements in services. The audit commission’s role promotes the utilization of performance data to fuel improvements in services provided to the public (Audit Commission, 2006). The Audit Commission works with varied governmental departments, agencies and local authorities to define a broad array of performance indicators applicable to their circumstances. As a department the Audit Commission’s success is represented by the performance indicators it assists in the development of for the aforementioned and is a success as these varied programs have improved the ability of these agencies, departments and local councils in assessment of the services under their charge. Conclusion The NHS Modernization framework has been devised to oversee and create improvement in the world’s largest government public sector health and social care programme which stands in excess of  £9 billion and is responsible for delivering a huge variety of services to every corner of the United Kingdom (Department of Health, 2006). Serving individuals in these sectors represents a demanding subjective function whereby the standards of quality and service delivery are defined by consistently improving services and new methodologies which change the standards as innovation introduces newer and improved techniques. Total Quality Management represents a technique that under the NHS Best value programme and Modernization plan of 1999 offers a means via which the system can monitor itself as well as agencies and local authorities with the foregoing fluctuating basis and improve its quality of service delivery in keeping with changes and improvements in care. The preceding is important as a result of the lessons learned in spiraling health and social care costs that surfaced in the late 19